The Difference Between Animals and Humans Essay - 1485 Words

Animal rights are an important topic to discuss and review. The trouble is the vast diversity of how people see humans and animals and how they are different and yet the same. Animals are in every aspect of our lives in how they are utilized to make our lives easier, to sustain us, or as a pet. Unfortunately, the line of animals and humans blurs as the widely known belief that we are a derivation of an animal and we should treat them as we would ourselves. This viewpoint, however, can be taken to an extreme as we see pets that can be pampered quite a bit. Relating back to the four authors in our text, there is considerable controversy on how animals should be treated. While some interesting positions arise with the various authors, to†¦show more content†¦One view that is taken upon animals is that they cannot feel anything, so therefore, it does not hurt the animal but more the owner—in the view of pets. (E, p. 533) He explains that the owner of the pet feels more pa in about the injured pet then that of the animals injury, and continues to explain that this viewpoint is irrelevant because pain is where it is felt, physiologically. The only reason that the belief is held is because the owner of the pet has a moral obligation to ensure the pets safety, and that the owner can actually do something about it—this is the subconscious view of the owner. He then tries to give some points on how animals should be treated. He argues that there is this â€Å"cruelty-kindness view† in that he states â€Å"†¦we have a direct duty to be kind to animals and a direct duty not to be cruel to them.† (E, p. 536) This view seems to have a valid argument but his argument begins to fail as he blurs the lines of human and animal interests during his argument to support this. However, Peter Singer has some level of agreement but takes a different stance. Peter Singer’s argues that we should take a utilitarian viewpoint on how people should treat animals. He sees that animals can, in some cases, be smarter than humans and should therefore have some rights in how the animals should be treated. His argument holds this general viewpoint, â€Å"..we [should] extend to other species the basicShow MoreRelatedThe Difference Between Human Language And Animal Language Essay1123 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Paper of â€Å"Animal Communication† If you have a pet like dog, you will think it knows us. They know our expressions and they always can give us a comfort when we are in terrible situation. I think a lot of people often think about do animals know humans’ language? I want to discuss about Do animals have ability to learn language and what is the difference between human language and animal language. Animal might not be able to speak a real language, but they can use certain way to communicateRead More The Moral Difference between Animals and Humans Essay2783 Words   |  12 PagesThe Moral Difference between Animals and Humans A moral issue is generally considered to be one which arises from the need to take another persons interests into consideration. However, by saying another persons interests this seems to rule out the interests of animals from the moral debate. Although many people do value animals, there are still others who consider animals as no more than a source of food. It could be argued that our primary moral obligations towards those people who valueRead MoreAnimals : Humans And Animals1724 Words   |  7 PagesAnimals play an important yet unique role in human culture. We use animals for our own benefit, and sometimes forget that they are also living things. 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Vint compares the relationship of humans and androids in the novel to that of humans and animals in the real world by saying Descartes’s sense that animals are simply machines responding as designedRead MoreKant s Treatment Of Animals939 Words   |  4 PagesHumans and all other animals are alike in many ways, but due to some very distinct differences, humans and animals should have some of the same rights but realistically cannot be treated equal. Classifying these differences can be difficult, but the research and finding of Immanuel Kant helps us better understand the major differences. Kant makes the distinction between humans and what he calls â€Å"mere animals.† He believes we are animals, but not just merely animals and he is very clear to make theRead MoreExplain the distinction Jean Grimshaw makes between misogyny and philosophically significant ‘maleness’ of philosophical theories.999 Words   |  4 Pages1. Explain the distinction Jean Grimshaw makes between misogyny and philosophically significant ‘maleness’ of philosophical theories. Jean Grimshaw argues the idea that the discipline of Philosophy is gendered in some way by making a distinction between misogyny and philosophically significant ‘maleness ‘of philosophical theories. The ‘maleness’ of philosophy is characterised by the fact that most of the practitioners of philosophy have been and are still male. Grimshaw argues that this fact aloneRead MoreAgainst Animal Testing - Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagesproduces results that are profitable to the human race or doesn’t †¦. The pain which it inflicts upon unconsenting animals is the basis of my enmity toward it, and it is to me sufficient justification of my enmity without looking further† – Mark Twain According to Alex Gordon’s 2005 book, Animal rights: The argument of animal testing, animal testing was first discovered in 1859 by Charles Darwin to help him understand the human body. Since then, animals have been subjected to millions of testRead MoreAristotle And Heidegger s Views On What A Human Or Beings Are862 Words   |  4 Pages Aristotle and Heidegger have conflicting views on what a human or beings are. Although, there are some similarities to each of their set of ideas. Aristotle has a clear hierarchical framework classifying the differences between humans, animals, and plants. Heidegger opposes this strict definitions by discussing this idea of â€Å"Dasein† which states of being there. Although, their approaches to this topic are different with the types of question one asks and how they theorize about what is a being.Read MoreThe Origin Of Speciesism By Peter Singer1025 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidered to be carrying a bias nature to the species to whi ch one belongs. [Lafollette, Hugh and Shanks, Niall (1996). The Origin of Speciesism] Singer draws parallels between specicism and racism through comparing the grounds on which whose interests and suffering takes precedence. Singer believes that discarding the moral status of animal concerns in their exploitation as they are not of our species and therefore insignificant, mimics that of the prejudice of white slave owners against discarding theRead MoreAnimal Rights Vs Peter Singer825 Words   |  4 Pagesreason? nor, can they talk? but can they suffer?† Vicki Hearne, animal trainer and author of What’s Wrong with Animal Rights, and Peter Singer, author of The Animal Liberation Movement, relate humans to other living beings. Although, both Hearne and Singer share some similarities towards animal rights their perspective towards animal suffering differ in definitions and qualities of suffering. Hearne and Singer link animal suffering to human connection with other livin g beings. Singer defines suffering

Birth Weight And Parity Relationship Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

World Health Organization defined low birth weight as a per centum of unrecorded Born babies that weigh less than 2500 g, for a given clip period. Infant mortality addition particular to deliver weight if they weigh less than 2500 gms ( 1 ) . Low birth weight is caused by short gestational age or intrauterine growing deceleration or a combination of both. We will write a custom essay sample on Birth Weight And Parity Relationship Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Low birth weight is an of import cause for infant mortality in United Kingdom ( 2 ) and can impact baby ‘s wellness in approaching old ages. Birth weight is associated with perinatal mortality and morbidity every bit good as with diseases like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in maturity ( 3 ) . New born babes with birth weight of less than 2500g history for 7 % of all unrecorded births in developed states ( 4 ) . Low birth weight varies widely in adult females of different socio-economic position e.g.in early 1890ss, in England and Wales the per centum of low birth weight births was 8.2 % in unskilled societal category V versus 5.4 % in professional societal category I based on the business of the male parent ( 4 ) . Smoke is the 1 of the major modifiable hazard factor lending to low birth weight of new born babes. Babies born to female parents, who smoke, weigh on mean 200g less than babes born to female parents, who does non smoke. Harmonizing to Messecar et al the tobacco users have twice the incidence of low birth weight as compared to non-smokers ( 7 ) .Socio-economic position strongly affects smoking surcease in gestation. Womans with lower income, instruction and unemployed are far more likely to go on smoking than adult females from higher socioeconomic position groups ( 8 ) . Smoking surcease reduces the prevalence of low birth weight and increase birth weight among pregnant adult females who stop smoke as a consequence of successful intercession ( 9 ) . We conducted a prospective observational survey, in which we recruited pregnant adult females showing to the labour ward of local District General Hospital in active labors in May 2004.We included adult females who were willing to take part with singleton gestation dated by ultrasound. Mean age of participants were 31.33 ( old ages ) .Women who were non in labor, non willing to take part, with learning disablements, terminal unwellness and with Intrauterine deceases or still births at the clip of presentation were excluded. We gave eligible adult females the elaborate information cusps sing our survey and a trained wellness attention professional took consent from willing female parents. We used structured signifier to roll up the information and used instance notes of voluntaries to roll up this information. We collected informations on maternal age ( uninterrupted variable ) , gestational age ( uninterrupted variable ) , on smoke position ( categorical variable ) , BMI ( uninterrupted variable ) and gender of new born ( categorical variable ) . General demographic information was besides collected. We used standard mensurating graduated table in labour ward to enter the birth weight ( uninterrupted dependant variable ) of the new Born and used units of gms for weight measuring. Data was analysed with the aid of statistician based at the section of Basic Health Sciences University of Leicester. We used SPSS16 package bundle to analyze the information. Over a period of 30 yearss we invited all eligible adult females to take part in our survey from the labour ward of local District General infirmary, merely 150 volunteered to take part. In our informations one individual has all losing values except birth weight, there were two other outliers in birth weight values, these were non justifiable i.e. birth weight of 20g and 1265g.We did informations cleansing by canceling these three values. Mean birth weight was 3390 gms runing from 2300g to 4520g with standard divergence of 487.37.Womens age scope was from 19years to 43 old ages with average age of 31 old ages. Gestational age among participants ranged from 24weeks to 43 hebdomads with mean of 39 and standard divergence of 2.80.Out of 149 adult females 23 were tobacco users and 126 did non smoke during gestation. Majority of tobacco users in our survey were multiparous i.e. 73.9 % . Approximately 55 % primiparous adult females and 45 % multiparous adult females did non smoke during g estation. Among the new born babies 76 were males and 73 were females. Birth weight is a dependent variable and it is usually distributed. Parity of female parent is one of the forecasters and is besides usually distributed. Pearson coefficient trial was important ( important 2 tailed P value=0.01 ) demoing significance correlativity between two variables. We used parametric trial i.e. independent T trial and found that average birth weight of new born in primiparous ( n=74 ) was 3288g which was 205g ( 95 % CI-49.4-361.1 ) less than the average birth weight ( 3493 ) of new Borns of multiparous adult females ( n=73 ) .The Levine ‘s Test is non important ( p=0.92 ) , the two discrepancies i.e. primiparity and multiparty are non significantly different and we can presume that the discrepancies are about equal. In our T trial the value of T is 2.63.We have 145 grades of freedom and 2 tailed significance= 0.10 which is more than.005 rejecting our void hypothesis. We checked the relationship between gestational age and birth weight and found this to be linear.We used spearman ‘s trial to see this relationship and found this to be important ( p value 2 tailed =0.01 ) . Birth weight is non dependent on gender of babe ( p value- 0.028 with Mann Whitney trial ) .The interaction between para and smoke to impact the birth weight is non important ( p=0.858, F=0.32 ) and is no more than would be expected by opportunity. Test for difference in average birth weight by gestational age is important ( p=0.00 ) .Test for difference in average birth weight by Body mass index ( p=0.76 ) , smoking ( p=0.89 ) is non important. Dependent variable is birth weight which is usually distributed. This is prospective survey look intoing the association of babies birth weight with para of their female parents. In our survey consequences Infants birth weight ranged from 2300grams to 4520grams. Harmonizing to WHO any infant born with a weight of less than 2500 gms is considered to be of low birth weight.There are many cause of low birth weight in babies including female parents body aggregate index, female parents age, nutritionary and smoke position ( 5 ) .We found that infant born to primiparous female parents weigh less so multiparous adult females. In subsequent gestations birth weight of babies increases our consequences are consist with finings of Macleod S et Al who found that birth weight additions from para 1 to para 3 but they besides found that birth weight dropped markedly in higher para group ( 13 ) ( 10 ) . We did non analyze the birth weight relationship as per figure of para as they did and we felt that this is one of failing of our survey. It is observed that mat ernal age and para of female parent affect birth weight by interfering with intrauterine growing, non by impacting gestational age ( 13 ) . Different theories were proposed in literature to explicate the intrauterine growing deceleration in female parents of different age and para groups. Many research workers reported that immature female parents in their teenage could non run into the demands of their growth fetus because of their ain turning organic structure demands and therefore taking to intrauterine growing deceleration ( 13 ) . Same sort of account can be given for multiparous female parents as nutritionary demands change over clip. There are other physiological factors which could play a portion in birth weight of babies in subsequent gestations like co-existing unwellness in female parents ( 14 ) , pregnancy attention etc and this was non looked in our survey. Appropriate for gestational age is term used for Babies whose weight is appropriate for their gestational age, big for day of the months is the term used for babies heavier than their gestational age, and those smaller than expected are considered little for gestational age. We looked at the relationship of gestational age with infant birth weight. We found that this was important and it was straight relative i.e. with increasing gestational age, birth weight besides increased. This is another country for farther research to see any relationship between para and gestational age of babies. We besides noticed that at both extremes of maternal age i.e. in teenage female parents and in older adult females birth weight of babies tends to be on lower side. In our survey sample minority of adult females continued to smoke during gestation.Because of our little sample size we could non happen any association between smoke and birth weight, nevertheless it is good known fact that smoke is an of import cause of intrauterine growing deceleration and low birth weight of babies. We could non happen any association between gender of new born babies and their birth weight. How to cite Birth Weight And Parity Relationship Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Contemporary Strategy Culture and Leadership

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Strategy Culture and Leadership. Answer: Introduction: SIR RICHARD BRANSON is a global entrepreneur who believes in retrieving the best out of his employees. The Virgin Company is characterized as a group of traditional company where two or more individuals in the organization interact with each other in order to carry out common objective. The Virgin Group does not have a structure of an organization. Within the Virgin Group there is both formal and informal structure. The company is having a cross- functional structure. The teams work together to achieve common objectives (Carroll, Levy and Richmond, 2008). The cross functional team works effectively in separate department and work in coordination in order to achieve common goals. As per Branson it is important for an organization to hire efficient workforce so that the goals can be attained. Considering the long term growth in an organization it is essential to drive the workforce by implementing effective plans. They have a problem solving team where the primary motive of an organiza tion is to implement the objectives in an efficient manner (Northouse, 2012). The purpose of the team is to work in a coordinated environment to provide growth to the organization. Finding solution for every problem is the key motive at Virgin Group that helps in achieving realistic goals. The top management team provides direction to the subordinates so that they work more efficiently. The team is coordinated by the top level management and instructions are given by the team so that they can coordinate the functions more efficiently. This is necessary to understand for the teams to manage the functions in coordination with each other. The Virgin Group has both formal and informal structure that helps the organization in coordinating the function more efficiently. The most appropriate functions can only exist if more focus is being delivered in managing the overall group efforts. This is the most common objective of an organization to promote group functions through continuous motiv ation (Schein, 2010). Stages of Development and Task role influence Branson believes in giving freedom to the employees help in increasing the overall yield. He understands that the development in the Virgin Group is only possible if the employees are highly satisfied. It is essential to know the employee on more personal level outside the work. This will help in efficient management of the long term relationship with the employees (Wheatley, 2011). As per George Hormans theory the formal group requires constant interaction that will help in attaining objectives. According to Branson good team work and high level of cooperation must exist in between the teams. This help in promoting the essential values in the teams. As per the theory it is essential for the organization to develop the task role and influence in order to increase the effectiveness. The Whole Virgin Group is divided into the small business where an individual can participate in the activity by managing the different role at work. They have an option to choose the most appropriate job that is suitable for them. The corporate activities occurring at the virgin group helps in attaining the goal of the organization (Aaker and Joachimsthaler, 2012). In long term it has become essential for an organization to understand the ability and experience connected with an activity that help in managing various role attached with an activity. Good team work and high level of cooperation is required in between the captain, co-pilot, navigator and flight attendant. This help in managing the activities more effectively. It is the duty of an organization to develop more efficient role and stages in order to influence the overall output. Employees at the Virgin Group are attracted towards the goals if they get a department of their choice. The attitude of an individual towards an objective is necessary to attain the goal within a group (Kotter, 2008). Characteristics of a group The Group Members at the Virgin Group do have various goals to fulfill their role. There are certain group task roles that help in coordinating the role more appropriately. There are different role within a group that include coordinator, information giver and information seeker. In the company there are various maintenance roles such as standard setter, follower and encourager. The group is working on the ground need to develop series of qualities in order to manage the role. The emergent leaders take these roles upon themselves and work more consistently in order to retrieve benefits (Armstrong and Taylor, 2014). Employees at Virgin group can take self oriented roles that encourage teamwork and engagement with various groups of people. Group size At Virgin group is given special consideration. The ideal recommended group size at virgin Group is five or seven. An odd number in the group size helps in avoiding the deviation (Storey, 2007). A group can attain sustainable growth if it has dynamic leader. The Group norm is the part of the group behavior that helps in attaining sustainable growth. The entrepreneurs are the one who understand that the challenges can only be met if the organization forms objectives that are in coordination with the organizational goals. The cohesiveness of the group plays an important role in managing the functions. The various roles at Virgin group are well-managed in order to attain systematic result. On a long run the company has an objective to attain goals in order to gain consistency. The employees can take in self-oriented goals that will help in managing sustainable objectives. Managing roles and responsibilities is one of the important tasks of a manager in an organization. It is therefore important to form effective policies by giving employees with a liberty to choose the most appropriate function. On a long run it is evident that the company can only give efficient result if managed well (Boxall and Purcell, 2011). Social interaction and support group action Social interaction is important for an organization to attain distinguished objectives. Large sized business organization is looking for gaining efficient results by emphasizing upon the social Interaction. The Virgin group gives importance to social interaction within the organization. It is necessary for a business organization to interact with the employees in order to attain efficient results. The employees should be given a platform to interact with the other employees. This help in giving them with an opportunity to grow in an effective manner. The Virgin group focuses on inter-group activities that will help in attaining organizational objectives. Group cohesiveness is necessary and plays a vital role in managing the activities. In order to attain high level of goals, each member should have similar objectives (Grant, 2016). The members in an organization can only attain the objectives if they have similar objectives. Performance is important for an organization In order to av ail desired results. For example the employees at the Virgin group are given liberty to take decision. According to Branson it is important for an organization to let the employees interact with each other. The Social Exchange theory therefore promotes the interaction in between the formal group. The group activity in an organization plays an important role in understanding the values. Good teamwork is only possible if the employees are given an opportunity to openly interact with each other. It is essential for the teams to manage effective team work that help in managing the activities in an organization. This is necessary to understand for the teams to manage the functions in coordination with each other. It is therefore necessary for the organization to develop activities that help in growing more efficiently (Boselie, 2010). References Aaker, D.A. and Joachimsthaler, E., 2012.Brand leadership. Simon and Schuster. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Boselie, P., 2010.Strategic human resource management: A balanced approach. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Boxall, P. and Purcell, J., 2011.Strategy and human resource management. Palgrave Macmillan. Carroll, B., Levy, L. and Richmond, D., 2008. Leadership as practice: Challenging the competency paradigm.Leadership,4(4), pp.363-379. Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Kotter, J.P., 2008.Force for change: How leadership differs from management. Simon and Schuster. Northouse, P.G., 2012.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage. Schein, E.H., 2010.Organizational culture and leadership(Vol. 2). John Wiley Sons. Storey, J., 2007.Human resource management: A critical text. Cengage Learning EMEA. Wheatley, M., 2011.Leadership and the new science: Discovering order in a chaotic world. ReadHowYouWant. com.